See the comprehensive AI-HED List of recommended AI tools for detailed information about specific tools suitable for educational purposes.
For practical guidance and tool recommendations, explore these related resources:
Anthropic (2023). Prompt engineering overview. https://docs.anthropic.com/en/docs/build-with-claude/prompt-engineering/overview
Bean, B. (2023). Teaching Reproducibility to First Year College Students: Reflections from an introductory data science course. Journal on Empowering Teaching Excellence, Fall 2023. https://uen.pressbooks.pub/jete7i2/chapter/3/
Biggs. J., Tang, C. (2011) Teaching for Quality Learning at University. New York: Open University Press. https://cetl.ppu.edu/sites/default/files/publications/-John_Biggs_and_Catherine_Tang-_Teaching_for_Quali-BookFiorg-.pdf
Chiu, K. F. (2024). Future research recommendations for transforming higher education with generative AI. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, Volume 6, June 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2023.100197
Ennis, R. (1991) Critical Thinking: A streamlined conception. Teaching Philosophy, 14:1, March 1991. https://education.illinois.edu/docs/default-source/faculty-documents/robert-ennis/ennisstreamlinedconception_002.pdf
European Commission (2024) AI Act. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj
European Commission (2023) Digital Competence Framework for Citizens (DigComp). https://joint-research-centre.ec.europa.eu/scientific-activities-z/education-and-training/digital-transformation-education/digital-competence-framework-citizens-digcomp/digcomp-framework_en
European Union (2022) Final report of the Commission expert group on Artificial Intelligence and data in education and training. Executive Summary. https://doi:10.2766/557340
European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (2022) Bias in algorithms. Artificial Intelligence and discrimination. https://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra_uploads/fra-2022-bias-in-algorithms_en.pdf
European Union (2015) ECTS Users’ Guide 2015. https://doi:10.2766/87192
Facione, P. A. (1990). Critical Thinking: A Statement of Expert Consensus for Purposes of Educational Assessment and Instruction: Executive Summary, The Delphi Report. Millbrae, CA: California Academic Press. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242279575_Critical_Thinking_A_Statement_of_Expert_Consensus_for_Purposes_of_Educational_Assessment_and_Instruction
Gundersen, O. E. (2021) The fundamental principles of reproducibility. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2020.0210
Harvard University (2023) How Generative AI Is Reshaping Education. Practical Applications for UsingChatGPT and Other LLMs. https://he.hbsp.harvard.edu/how-generative-ai-is-reshaping-education.html
KI Campus (2024) Prompt-Labor 2.0. https://ki-campus.org/courses/prompt-labor
Lee, D., Arnold, M., Srivastava, M., Plastow, K., Strelan, P., Ploeckl, F., Lekkas, D., Palmer, E. (2024). The impact of generative AI on higher education learning and teaching: A study of educators’ perspectives. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, Volume 6, June 2024, 100221. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2024.100221]{.underline}
Lee, S. (2023). AI Toolkit for Educators. EIT InnoEnergy Master School Teachers Conference 2023. https://paradoxlearning.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/AI-Toolkit-for-Educators_v3.pdf
Maastricht University (2024) AI Prompt Library. https://www.maastrichtuniversity.nl/education/edlab/ai-education-maastricht-university/ai-prompt-library
McDonald, N., Johri, A., Ali, A., Collier, A. H. (2025). Generative artificial intelligence in higher education: Evidence from an analysis of institutional policies and guidelines. Computers in Human Behavior: Artificial Humans, Volume 3, March 2025. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbah.2025.100121]{.underline}
metalab at Harvard (2025) AI Guide. https://aipedagogy.org/guide/
Mollick, E., Mollick, L. (2023) Assigning AI: Seven approaches for students with prompts. file:///C:/Users/dietmar.paier/Downloads/ssrn-4475995.pdf
Moody, J. W., Keister, L. A., Ramos, M. C. (2022). Reproducibility in the Social Sciences. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 2022. 48:65–85. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-090221-035954
OECD (2024) The potential impact of artificial intelligence on equity and inclusion in education. OECD Artificial Intelligence Papers, August 2024, No. 23. file:///C:/Users/dietmar.paier/Downloads/15df715b-en.pdf
OpenAI (2023). Prompt engineering. https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/prompt-engineering .
Paulson, E. (2024) Critical thinking with AI: 3 approaches. https://tlconestoga.ca/critical-thinking-with-ai-3-approaches
UNESCO (2009) Defining an Inclusive Education Agenda: Reflections around the 48th session of the International Conference on Education. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000186807
University of Applied Sciences BFI Vienna (2024) Recommendations of the Academic Council on using AI in university teaching. Vienna, restricted access.
University of Edinburgh (2024) Examples of how to use ELM with prompts. https://information-services.ed.ac.uk/computing/comms-and-collab/elm/getting-access-and-examples/examples-of-how-to-use-elm-with-prompts
University of Stanford (n.y.) Exploring the pedagogical uses of AI chatbots. https://teachingcommons.stanford.edu/teaching-guides/artificial-intelligence-teaching-guide/exploring-pedagogical-uses-ai-chatbots
Wharton University (2024) Prompt: Student Exercises. https://ai-analytics.wharton.upenn.edu/generative-ai-labs/student-prompt/
These guidelines were developed with valuable contributions from leading experts in AI and education:
| Expert | Affiliation |
|---|---|
| Jurica Babić | Associate Professor, University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing |
| Philippe Borremans | Crisis & Emergency Risk Communication Consultant; Vice President, International Association of Risk & Crisis Communication (IARCC) |
| Adriana Cardoso | Teacher, Polytechnic University of Lisbon, Lisbon School of Education |
| Martina Tomičić Furjan | Associate Professor; Vice Dean, University of Zagreb, Faculty of Organization and Informatics |
| Anna Füssl | Head of Service Unit of Process Management in Teaching Development, Technical University Vienna |
| Meagan Klaij | Education Specialist, Microsoft Netherlands |
| Barbara Maly-Bowie | Teaching and Learning Expert, University of Applied Sciences BFI Vienna |
| Iris van der Meer | Educational Advisor of Blended Learning, Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Business and Economics |
| Vítor Santos | Researcher, Polytechnic University of Lisbon |
| Markus Schatten | Full professor, University of Zagreb, Faculty of Organization and Informatics |
| Frederik Situmeang | Associate Professor AI & Data-Driven Business, Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Business and Economics |
| Jeroen StrijBosch | Education Specialist, Microsoft Netherlands |
Barbara Maly-Bowie proofread the text and provided valuable suggestions for improvement.